Life of Cleopatra

One of the well thought-out classic scopes was the life of Cleopatra. She was considered as one of the most famous and influential figures in olden times. Because of the Hollywood film done for her account it was very tough to find which was real and which myth was. Her life was full of scheme and cleverness, and mystery. She was truly a dominant and radiant woman whose places in history, her tools that took her to manage many powerful men in her life and also led her to ultimate demise were her beauty, native allure and appeal.A lover, warrior, mother, enthusiast of all that brought splendor, queen of Nile, and were the account associated to her, but the certain thing was that she was last Pharaoh of Egypt. The life of Cleopatra was influenced the mythological ideas of the most writers as well as Shakespeare. Through her life the substitute ability to Catholic academic doctrine was recognized. As the matter of fact the influence of outside literature and arts were commanding in Rome up to now. And by her impressive history, many writer was trying to dig deeper the reality of her life.And this was the beginning of her epic life. Cleopatra VII Philopator or Cleopatra the destined queen was born in Alexandra the former capital of Egypt 69 years before the birth of Christ. A beautiful baby was the eldest child of Cleopatra VI Tryphaina and Ptolemy XII Auletes Theos Philopator Philadelphos Neo Dionysos also known as Ptolemy XII the reigning pharaoh of that time. At the very young age of nine, Ptolemy her father was allegedly a son of a non-married couple, her father was trying to overcome the trial for his fading supremacy by bribing authoritative Romans.Cleopatra VI was died when they returned to Egypt. Through Roman forces the throne was regained by his father. At 51 BC her 9 years old brother Ptolemy XIII was married to her at the age 18, with the same age together with her brother and husband she became the queen of Egypt by inheriting the ruler ship of her fat her. In the beginning of Cleopatra’s reign all was not so easy due to the fact of her age, many groups were too envious of her cleverness and for ruling the entire Egypt unaided and she had to compete with her enemies, and these were the reasons why she struggled completely.The Romans were conquering city after city, until the ministers pressed Cleopatra out of her command after ruling the Egypt for three years. She moved out of Egypt and lived in Syria and left the throne to her brother alone that she thought agreed with the situation. Because of the circumstances she was too infuriated but didn’t give up. When she learned that Julius Caesar was in Alexandria, Cleopatra planned to go back to her native land in secret to escape from the hand of her brother.To get coalition against her brother Ptolemy XIII and to defend her mother landed from fraud, as what the most accounts told that Cleopatra offered her virgin body and surrendered it in the form of rug, she covered u p herself in an oriental rug and presented it to the general who almost four times of her age . And she got the attention of the Romans general, Julius Caesar fall in love at the first sight to her when the rugs unfold. Her charisma and allure beauty surpassed the influence of Caesar. Ptolemy XIII affirmed warfare against Caesar and his Roman soldiers since he believed that he was deceived.Caesar took controlled of the throne of Alexandria when he defeated Ptolemy XIII in the war. After the battle Caesar due to his loved to Cleopatra he gave back the power to Cleopatra to rule the Egypt alongside with her brother Ptolemy XIV as co-leader. In June 47 BC Cleopatra bore a child and to emphasize that her son was from Caesar she named him Ptolemy XV Caesarion, but Caesar never properly acknowledged fatherhood. In 46 BC General Julius Caesar returned to Rome he brought Cleopatra and his son showing as a prisoner of war because he was already married with Calpurnia.But Cleopatra fought for her privilege; she asserted to be the wife of Caesar that brought him to assassination in 44 BC. After Caesar murdered Cleopatra go back to Egypt, she recognized her son Ptolemy XV Caesarion as her co-monarch regardless of the rumor that she perhaps killed her brother Ptolemy XIV. Rome Empire began to divide upon the death of Julius Caesar, and because of Caesar assassination Cleopatra’s throne was in danger; she collaborated with Marc Antony the subsequently Roman forces governor of the area, an old companion of Caesar.She proved to Marc dramatically and convinced him that she was not guilty about the allegation to her regarding her support to the followers of Julius in Rome, apparently, she got the hold up and captured his interest. Marc left Cleopatra with twin in her womb after he spent the whole winter in Alexandria with her. In the meantime he went to his first wife Fulvia who died in 40 BC. In 37 BC Marc went back to Antioch with Cleopatra and undergone a matrimony of marriage in 36 BC. With the same year a baby boy named Ptolemy Philadelphus was born to them.After they knew that Ptolemy XV was lost controlled his territory including Lebanon which is formerly part of Cyprus, officially Marc renovate to Egypt. After the military victory in 34 BC he tied Cleopatra in Alexandria and recognized Caesarion as the son of Julius Caesar and affirmed the joint rulership of Cleopatra and her son. When the Romans threatened specially Octavian formerly ally of Antony, conceding of country by Marc to Cleopatra was used by Octavian to destroy the trust of the ministers to him.Because of this, the Romans were not happy to their relationship because they considered that the loyalty of Marc was not in the Rome Empire anymore since he gave away the power of ruling Egypt to Cleopatra. In 31 BC Marc Antony lost to Octavian in Battle of Actium because of the misstep pointing to Cleopatra. Cleopatra tried to persuade Octavian to support her offspring to progression of authority but she was unsuccessful to make a deal. Unfortunately, luck was twisted against them. After the defeat of Marc Antony to Octavian and lost all his support he committed suicide and die in the arm of his beautiful wife Cleopatra.Since all of the Roman forces go against Cleopatra she decided to cut off her life by poisoning herself with the use of snake and died in admiration and was the very last Pharaoh of EgyptBIBLIOGRAPHYAnalysis of Four Character of Shakespeare http://www. free-essays. us/dbase/d3/lva130. shtmlAncient Egyptian Pharaohs: http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=23405Biography and history of Cleopatra http://en. oboulo. com/biography-and-history-of-cleopatra-44856. htmlBiography of Cleopatra http://www. chevroncars. com/learn/famous-people/cleopatraChronology of Cleopatra’s Life http://atrium-media. com/bibliotheca/romanhistory/cleopatrahist. htmlCleopatra – Queen Of Egypt: http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=58913Cleopatra, Ruler of E gypt http://www. infoplease. com/biography/var/cleopatra. htmlCleopatra’s Wiles http://www. azete. com/preview/58914Greco-Roman Influence in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra http://www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=16285Isabelle Vignier. The Tragic in Antony and Cleopatra, June 2004 http://www. literature-study-online. com/essays/antony-cleopatra. htmlShakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra http://www. englishessays.org. uk/english-essays/shakespeare-anthony-cleopatra. phpThe Female Pharaoh Cleopatra – History Essay http://www. freeonlineresearchpapers. com/female-pharaoh-cleopatraThe Love Story of Antony and Cleopatra http://www. azete. com/preview/8726The Masks of Anthony and Cleopatra http://www. thefreelibrary. com/The+Masks+of+Anthony+and+Cleopatra-a0161065564The Story of Cleopatra in Ancient Egypt http://www. echeat. com/essay. php? t=30239What are some conflicts and compromises in Cleopatra's life time? http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20071227 084535AAGJBCP

Macbeth Act 2 Scene 2 Essay

I shall now evaluate the significance of Act 2 Scene 2. Before this scene we know that Macbeth has already killed King Duncan. We have been introduced to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Furthermore, we have been introduced to the Murder, and guilt in the environment. This scene is essential to the plot because the scene produces and develops the character of Macbeth, and shows a different side of Macbeth after the murder of Duncan. It is essential also because it shows the reaction and effect the murder has put on Lady Macbeth. The two main characters in this scene are Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth. This scene is one of the most significant scenes in this entire play. Owing to the fact that, in this scene Macbeth and Lady Macbeth reveal their equivocating and uncertain emotions and personalities. To be precise, in the beginning of this play Macbeth was a courageous, honourable and loyal soldier. However, he met three witches after a war. The witches sabotaged his mind into believing the fact that he would become the King of Scotland. These predictions the witches made roused Macbeth’s ambition and lead him into murdering King Duncan. In this scene, Macbeth has been mocked by his wife, into killing Duncan. Confused with his conscience and ambition Macbeth commits the sin. This scene shows the changes in Macbeth’s emotions and specifies that he is an enterprising character, who goes through the contrast between his courage and guilt. Act 2 scene 2 shows that Macbeth is in misery. This scene is about Macbeth being questioned by his conscience and about the betrayal that he has committed. An example of Macbeth questioning his conscience would be: â€Å"But wherefore could not I pronounce â€Å"Amen†?† In this quote you can tell that Macbeth is asking himself a question that is connected to him being uncomfortable. Another example of Macbeth’s guilt is: â€Å"Methought I heard a voice cry ‘Sleep no more!† This quote proves that Macbeth knows that he won’t be able to sleep at night, because his conscience has been questioned.  Act 2 scene 2 portrays Lady Macbeth as a cruel and evil character. The fact that she says â€Å"That which hath made them drunk hath made be bold† shows that she doesn’t feel any guilt and that she is still very cruel instead of being worrying about the consequences about the things that she has done. When  Lady Macbeth says â€Å"Why did you bring these daggers from the place? They must lie there: go carry then; and smear the sleepy grooms with blood† you can tell that she is only afraid about getting caught, but not guilty about what he has done, except she wants to make it seem even worse by smearing the grooms with blood. Shakespeare emphasizes the two character’s personalities by making them completely different from each other. He makes it a balance because he wants the audience to see the irony that he has created in the play because in the future the two characters will swap their personalities.  Shakespeare uses the effect of imagery in this play. In this particular scene he uses his strong visual words to create pictures in the audience’s minds. Even though, the death of Duncan isn’t described specifically in this play, the audience will still be able to imagine the terrible scene of murder. When Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"My hands are of your colour; but I shame to wear a heart so white† she implies the effect and image of blood, because when she says colour people will most probably think of blood. Macbeth responds by saying â€Å"This is a sorry sight† it also implies to the audience that it isn’t very good to be seen. Also, when Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Smear the sleepy grooms with blood† the imagery is very effective because people can picture a room and people smeared with blood. Imagery is very significant because it is the only way that the audience will be able to see the story. If there are no strong visual words then the audience will not be able to see anything, this way it will be harder for the audience to enjoy the story. Hence, Shakespeare uses imagery. Murder and guilt are the two main themes addressed in this scene. In the whole play, Macbeth’s unintelligent behaviour and other flaws in his character caused Macbeth’s failure and ruination. Also, Lady Macbeth’s pressure on him was an important reason of his downfall. This is shown comprehensively in this scene. In this play Shakespeare is trying to show the audience that ambition and passion is good only when it is thought up to a limit, and if people think of right and wrong. However, it could be bad when it becomes so passionate that it shatters one’s honour and pride. In this scene Shakespeare tries to show the audience Macbeth’s wrong decision and the consequence to his spurious ambition. The theme of murder is shown in Lady Macbeth’s dialogues. When she says â€Å"I have drugged their possets† the audience can feel the murder theme, because Lady Macbeth is so keen and excited about Duncan’s death that she would do anything. Also, when she says â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t† it also shows that she would have done anything to make Macbeth the king. The theme of guilt is only shown in Macbeth’s dialogues. When Macbeth says â€Å"Sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more† the audience can easily tell that Macbeth is feeling guilty about what he has done. Also, when he says â€Å"This is a sorry sight† people can tell that Macbeth is afraid of what has happened. Also, the audience can tell that Macbeth hasn’t done everything with his own decision. This is very ironic because in this scene Macbeth is the one who is guilty and carries on with the theme of guilt. However, further in the play it’s Lady Macbeth that is guilty and Macbeth carries the theme of Murder instead of Lady Macbeth. The original audience would have responded to this scene with fear and anger towards Lady Macbeth because she plays a very cruel character that is very vicious and nasty and doesn’t care about what has happened. However, the audience would feel sorry for Macbeth and find Macbeth very dumb for doing what he has done. The overall dramatic impact of the scene is a very strong effect of evilness. The most intense aspect of this scene is when Shakespeare shows the difference between cruelty (Lady Macbeth) and guilt (Macbeth) because this is the point where the audience is thinking most about the reaction of characters of the death. This scene is a scene of a climax point where there are a lot of different characteristics added to each character. The scene’s significance to the rest of the play is very strong because it is contrasting to the rest of the play where Lady Macbeth becomes guilty and Macbeth becomes vicious.

How to Help a Student with a Learning Disability - 662 Words

What are the psychological characteristics of this imaginary child with suspected learning disabilities? Some psychological characteristic of suspected learning disabilities may include: †¢ Needs constant step-by-step guidance tasks. †¢ Unable to comprehend tasks or logic behind problem solving steps. †¢ Has poor memory of spoken or written materials. †¢ Have difficulty mastering tasks or transferring academic skills to other tasks. †¢ Have a strong general knowledge but cannot read, write, or do math at that level. †¢ May have difficulty with communication and language processing, expressive, and receptive language. †¢ May be very frustrated with school and homework. Ann Logsdon Recognizing Learning Disability Symptoms, www.learningdisabilities.about.com. Analyze the educational needs of this student. As a teacher, keeping good assessment records is one key way to analyze the educational needs of the student. Keeping good records acquire an accurate picture of the strengths and weakness of the student’s academic needs as well as for improving achievements and meeting academic challenges. Assessment may include: progress monitoring, dynamic assessment, portfolio assessment, observational and anecdotal records and standardized tests. Deborah Deutsch Smith and Naomi Chowdhuri Tyler, 2010, 7th Edition, â€Å"Introduction to Special Education,† Pearson Inc. and Merrill Inc. How do special education students benefit from being integrated in the classroom with general education student?Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Struggles Facing LD Students1306 Words   |  6 PagesFacing LD Students Students with learning disabilities are a part of the educational system and they always will be. These students have a single goal in mind, but their disability and social barriers keep them from it. On the other hand, educators have pledged to teach all students, but some fail to teach LD students. This represents an ethical, moral, and legal breakdown of their responsibilities. Educators need to be properly trained and aware of how to meet the needs of these students. The lackRead MoreInforming People About Reading Disability993 Words   |  4 PagesInforming People about Reading Disability Curtiss, S. L., et al. Bringing Instructional Strategies Home: Reaching Families Online . Teaching Exceptional Children January/February 2016: 160-167. Curtiss et al. (2016) express how the collaboration of teachers and parents is difficult because of the overlap between parent and teacher work schedules. The authors detail how instructors can provide online learning support for parents who support child with limited expressive communication. They highlightRead MoreMy Personal Choice Assignment907 Words   |  4 Pageswho was diagnosed with a learning disability while he was in school. I wanted to get some insight on what it’s like as a parent and as a student to have to deal with learning disabilities. I asked similar questions to the student and parents and they are as followed: The student is a 24 year old college student who was diagnosed with a math learning disability while he was in elementary school. Question 1: What is your learning disability and how were you diagnosed? Student: When I was in fourth gradeRead MoreStudents With Learning Disabilities Academic Needs Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pagesis students with learning disabilities academic needs are not being meet. For teachers to successfully enforce integrated classroom they need all the same resources a special education classroom receives for the students. What can occur unfortunately classroom population for teacher and student’s ratio is increasing, and can have a negative effect for student academic performance. For a classroom to be successful the classroom size matter because classroom size has a great impact on students educationRead MoreService Learning Research and Reflection paper1354 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment mandate, has to provide services for exceptional students. The textbook Human Diversity in Education defines exceptional students as â€Å"those eligible for special educational services† (Cushner, McClelland Safford, 2011). There are several categories for exceptional student but they all fall under the Ability/Disability continuum. Some of the categories for exceptional students are the: intellectually gifted, specific learning disability, emotionally handicapped, hearing impaired, visually impairedRead MoreLiterature Review Of Assistive Technology1277 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctioning of children with disabilities. 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According to  research, the goal of thisRead MoreTeaching Self-Advocacy1240 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Self- Advocacy When a child has a learning disability it can be overwhelming for the child, because they could be unaware that they have one or even when they find out that they do, some life style changes need to be made. Throughout the learning experience of having an learning disabilities the special education department can teach children of all ages how to become self-advocates for themselves and be able to communicate not only with their parents, but with other peers and teachersRead MoreEffective Reading Interventions For Kids With Learning Disabilities1404 Words   |  6 Pagesthey must overcome is learning to read. For some children, that task does not come easy. Children with learning disabilities struggle the most in school because they do not learn as quickly as children without learning disabilities. 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The Price Of Basketball Shoes - 1487 Words

There are plenty of trends that go on in our modern day era. One of the most expensive ones would be the increasing price in basketball shoes. The increasing price is due to many people being brand washed, meaning that the consumer buys the product from a brand, just because of the name and the status of it. Also an increase in labor costs in China all are factors that increase the price of basketball shoes in China. Because of the increase in material cost, it increases the general release cost for a sneaker. The effect of constantly increasing shoe prices on the consumer market, is that brands will start releasing sneakers with storylines / special editions, and will charge at least a two hundred dollar price tag for coveted sneakers.†¦show more content†¦Though the price tags on these basketball shoes can be seen as ridiculous, these companies are still making a huge sales off these shoes, largely because our society brand washed most of these brands customers to pay th at much for shoes. According to www.statista.com, Nike’s revenue worldwide is $30,601 Million, their net income worldwide is $3,273 million and there number of retail stores worldwide is 931. Also according to www.statista.com , Adidas net sales worldwide is 14,535 million Euros, their net profit was 524 million Euros and their number of stores worldwide is 1,746. Even with these hefty prices, at which companies are selling their products, they are still making huge profits globally and will continue to make big profits, due purely to the name of their brand, despite the prices. The increases in these companies prices, it has increased the price of other companies basketball shoes such as, Under Armor and Peak. Also it has sunk cheaper shoe companies like And-1 and Reebok. Also to include more foreign basketball shoe companies, for example China’s Li-Ning made 1.11 billion in revenue and a Net income of 318.8 million, also China’s Peak brand brought in over 530 million in revenue and can be seen on NBA players feet all over the league. These prices are not only burning holes in people s pockets but they are also sending the young crowds crazy, to the point where it is leading to violence. 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By claiming their shoes meet the physics need of different sports, which help the sport player to maximize their ability by protecting them and reduce the sport harm. Price: They have pricing strategy for different group of consumer. The price of their shoes varies depending on the type of the shoes, the feature of the shoes, and even designRead MoreThe History of Jordan Brand1049 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Module, Assignment #2 Alexis Lizama 11-29-12 Everything now a day seems to be about repeat and consistent sells. Being able to Find the new trend and taking advantage of it. The shoe industry is no different. New styles, prices, and endorsers are always used to attract customers. With new releases being sold out within days, the Jordan brand Is a perfect example. The Jordan brand has been able to sell for over 20 years now while always making good profit. A Little Bit of History†¦ Read MoreConverse : More Than Just Shoes1640 Words   |  7 PagesConverse: More than just shoes The Chuck Taylor or Converse as everyone knows them, are everlasting icons of American culture. Everyone wears chucks from James Dean in the 60’s to Michelle Obama now. The range of owners of converse is astounding. The range of use in converse is amazing. The Chuck Taylor has been named one of the most influential shoes of all time. Sixty percent of all Americans have owned a pair of Chuck Taylors at least once in their lives. (History) Converse was founded in 1908Read Moreï » ¿Life Cycle with Air Jordan1487 Words   |  6 PagesLife Cycle with Air Jordan Introduction Air Jordan belongs to a famous international brand called â€Å"Nike† which is a pair of legendary shoes. 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The Nursing Code Of Ethics - 895 Words

There are many different careers which entail much more than just a particular degree from some type of post-secondary education program. Typically, all careers have a specific code and level of ethics which are incorporated into the daily responsibilities one is expected to perform in their chosen field. For the basis of this paper, I have chosen to write about the nursing code of ethics. Nursing has a professional code along with the level/employee behavior usually being currently attainable, which means that the behavior expected is normally exhibited by individuals. (Manias 508). However, although nursing seems to require behavior that is â€Å"normally† exhibited and tends to be one of the most popular medical fields, there are numerous amounts of ethical issues which have emerged in this field of work since the few being noted in Florence Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing. (Ulrich et al. 2). From a particular self-administered survey taken by over 1000 nurses in four different states and in four different census regions in the United States, over half appeared to â€Å"feel uncomfortable in addressing the ethical issues they encountered in patient care†. (Ulrich et al. 1). Also, from analysis of over 422 questionnaires, the top five most frequently occurring and trying ethical patient care issues were â€Å"protecting patients’ rights; autonomy and informed consent to treatment; staffing patterns; advanced care planning; and surrogate decision-making†. (Ulrich et al. 1). Although,Show MoreRelatedThe Nursing Code Of Ethics Essay839 Words   |  4 Pagesall careers have a specific code and level of ethics which are incorporated into the daily responsibilities one is expected to perform in their chosen field. For the basis of this paper, I have chosen to write about the nursing code of ethics. 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Without one the other could not stand alone. When we search for the professional identity of a career we also look at how they were established and what boundaries do they follow. In nursing, as stated by the American Nurses Association â€Å"a code of ethics stands asRead MoreNursing Is A Code Of Conduct Or Ethics Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesIn any occupation there lies a code of conduct or ethics by which we represent ourselves to our peers, supervisors, and the public. It is within that set of behavior that will determine how people are viewed, treated and impacted. Nursing requires characteristics of professionalism that are detrimental to the outcome of patient care and safety. In the early 1800s, nursing was considered as a position held by people that were dishonest, unfavorable and illiterate. This all changed after Florence Nightingale

Duties and Responsibilities for Directors †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Duties and Responsibilities for Directors. Answer: Introduction In Australia, Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth), herein referred to as CA, is the main legislation which sets out the duties and responsibilities for the directors and officers of the nation, and these are particularly covered under Part 2D.1 of CA (Cassidy, 2006). The reason for putting such duties on the directors is that the business of any company is operated for the shareholders of such company. As a result of these provisions of CA, a breach of the imposed duties and responsibilities result in both civil and criminal liabilities for the director or officer (Latimer, 2012). The case of ASIC v Healey [2011] FCA 717 relates to the breach of the aforementioned duties for seven directors and the Chief Financial Officer of the company (Walmsley and Puri, 2011). This case continues to be a leading decision for the directors in aspect of what not to do while participating in the daily affairs of the company. The following parts would cover a discussion of what exactly happened in this case, the duties which were breached, the arguments made by the parties and the decision given by the court. The ASIC initiated civil proceedings in this case in October 2009 against the present and previous non-executive directors, CFO and CEO of different companies, covered under the Centro Retail Group (Retail) and Centro Properties Group (Properties) in the Federal Court of Australia (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2011). And this group, for the purpose of this discussion, has been referred to as CG. ASIC sought for a declaration against the pertinent directors and the officer for violating their duties based on the CA, which were owed for the reasons of being a part of CG, related to the sanction of the financial reports. Properties was a staple organization which was formed by Centro Property Trust and Centro Properties Limited. Retail was also a stapled organization, which was formed of Centro Retail Trust and Centro Retail Limited. None of these entities of Centro however were made as a party to the proceedings brought forward by ASIC (Bryans, 2011). The main issue of this case can be stemmed from the contentions raised by the ASIC regarding the possible breach of duties covered under Part 2D.1 of the CA by the defendants of this case. Under the CA, particularly its section 180(1), the company directors are required to make use of their powers and fulfil their duties in such a manner which shows care being taken, along with being diligent in performing their tasks (Austlii, 2017). For being careful and diligent, the directors and the other officers of the company are required to adopt the standards of a rational individual. Hence, there is a need to fulfil the obligations in such a manner as a reasonable individual would do, in case they held the same responsibilities and the same office as that of the officer or director (WIPO, 2015). A breach of provisions covered under section 180(1) result in the attraction of civil obligations set out under section 1317E of CA. This section gives the courts with the power of making a declaration of contravention against the director or officer in question, who has been accused of breaching the provisions of CA (ICNL, 2017). Upon the grant of this declaration, the ASIC can move on to apply for the pecuniary penalties stated under section 1317G or to go forward with the application pursuant to section 206C of CA for the disqualification order (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). The ASICs contentions in this case were related to the directors failure in performing their duties properly and in taking the requisite steps in order to secure the adherence by CG for the declarations of directors as per section 295A of the CA, the accounting standard compliance based on section 296 of CA, putting forward true and fair position of the company based on section 297 of CA, and lastly, in the matter off annual report of director based on section 298 of CA, and these breaches result in section 344(1) of the CA being contravened. Under this section, the directors are imposed with the duty of undertaking the required steps in order to comply with the financial record keeping of the company, in addition to the reporting requirements for the adherence to the provisions of CA (Bryans, 2011). Analysis (including legal arguments) ASIC initiated this on the main theme of the duties of directors of reading and gaining an understanding to the financial statements properly, accompanied with the application of requisite knowledge for performing the specific task or for the need of attaining such knowledge in order to do such task. To put it more clearly, the ASIC based their claims on the duty of directors regarding being careful and diligent in their work against the defendants of this case, apart from their shortfall in undertaking the steps which were needed for fulfilling the requirements of the financial reporting for CG on the basis of CA (Bryans, 2011). As per the claims made by the ASIC, the financial reports which had been created for CG for the year ended on 30th June 2007 failed to adhere to the accounting standards, coupled with their failure in providing the true and fair picture of the performance of the group and their financial position. This was due to the shortfall in proper classification of a chunk of interest value which bore the liabilities as being current liabilities, which was inherently wrong. The reports failed to carry out a discussion on the key issues, which included the huge amount of short-term debts not being disclosed, and the same was not done for the short-term debt guarantees. This was in addition to the misclassification of short-term debt as a major non-current liability, along with the short-term debt being hidden. As a result of this, a false view of the group was presented in the matter of the short-term debt burden (Halsey Legal Services, 2017). The main issue which was required to be determined by the court in this case was related to such circumstances which could lead to the duties covered under section 344, as a result of the steps which had to be undertaken for being compliant with the financial reporting obligations, where a duty is placed on the directors for scrutinizing every aspect of it and to look into the accounts for any accounting errors or the apparent inaccuracies. Where this was not an obligation, the court had to evaluate the statements and whether there was negligence on part of the directors as they did not see these errors when Price Waterhouse Coopers, who were the external auditor of the company also had missed these in the past, along with the management of the company. This was the key point related to the possible contravention of 180(1) by the different defendants of this case. Aligned with this section was the provisions of section 601FD (1) (b) of CA, which puts a specific emphasis over the offi cers of the company based on a registered scheme. Apart from this case, sections 189, 190 and 198D of the CA were also relevant to the case based on the capability of the directors in delegating their work to management and auditors, apart from the reliance on the systems/ processes of company (Bryans, 2011). The decision was presided over by Justice Middleton of the Federal Court of Australia and they came to the conclusion that there was a breach of the duties by the defendants of this case covered under section 180(1) of CA, in addition to sections 601FD(3) and 344(1) of CA (Jacobson, 2011). Justice Middleton was of the view that the directors had failed in undertaking the steps which were required by them in order to comply with the different provisions of the CA. There was a clear shortfall in undertaking the steps which a reasonable person in similar position and with similar circumstances would have undertaken in order to comply with the different provisions of the CA for the CG and for the other entities of this group. Apart from this, Middleton J opined that the defendants had failed in a big manner when it came to the exercising of the requisite degree of care and diligence when they were reviewing the financial statements which led to the contravention of provisions of this act (Federal Court of Australia, 2011). Middleton J further stated that relying on the managements advice by the defendants could not be a valid or proper substitute in the matter of their own examination and attention in the matter of key issues, particularly when they were the responsibility of the Board, in addition to the duties in the matter of reporting. Every director of the company, along with the board of the company, was under the obligation of properly going through the financial statements before giving it their approval based on governing provisions of CA. This meant that the board had the duty of putting the focus on, and attending the accounts. And based on the given situation, the responsibility could not be simply delegated to another person to hold the same as having being fulfilled (Austlii, 2011). Middleton J did put the necessary light on the reasoning of this judgement. He pointed that the directors of this case were experienced, intelligent and conscientious people and that there was nothing to show that they had acted in a dishonest manner while they were discharging the duties imposed on them. He emphasised on the proceedings for the issue not being a mere technical oversight and that the major issue was related to the directors of the organization, which was mostly a public listed company, and which put a requirement on the defendants to apply their mind in order to carefully review the financial statements which were put before them. This was to be done for the directors report also and there was held a need of determining the information contained in these documents to be consistent with the knowledge of the affairs of the company with the defendants. Also, they should not have simply omitted the key information which they knew about, or which they should have known ab out, as a result of the position held by them in the company (Austlii, 2011). Conclusion As a result of all these reasons, in the view of Middleton J, the arguments put forward by ASIC were indeed correct in the matter of contravention of the different provisions by the defendants of this case, specifically the matter related to the failure of the directors in being careful and diligent towards their work. The absence of evidence regarding the dishonesty of the defendants was also taken into consideration in this case. The court held that the directors had failed, in this case, in adopting the requisite measures, which the virtue of their position required them to do, and due to these reasons, they failed in fulfilling the duties covered under Part 2D.1 of the CA, in addition to the other duties put on them through the various provisions of CA. Middleton J placed his focus for this case on the knowledge of the directors as a result of their position in the CG, as being a reason for this contravention (Austlii, 2011). This decision of the case highlights the significant role played by the Federal Court of Australia in holding the directors of the companies liable in cases of breach of their duties. Middleton J in this case confirmed that the root of the directors duty was in the irreducible requirement of being involved in the management of the company and for taking all such steps which are required to guide and monitor the affairs of the company. Thus, where there is a failure in carefully and diligently checking the contents of the reports given to the directors, they would be held liable, especially when they are the signatories of such reports. This decision is guidance for the directors to question the reports and to gain clarity on the contents of such reports, where something is not clear or known to them (Bryans, 2011). References Austlii. (2011) Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey [2011] FCA 717 (27 June 2011). [Online] Austlii. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/2011/717.html [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Austlii. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Austlii. Available from: www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/ [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2011) Centro Case Summary. [Online] Australian Institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/Resources/Director%20Resource%20Centre/Governance%20and%20director%20issues/case%20summary/ASIC%20v%20Healey%20Centro%20Directors%20Federal%20Court%20Judgment%20%2027%20June%202011.ashx [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Bryans, P. (2011) ASIC v Healey. [Online] Lexology. Available from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=1db0b085-6f89-445e-8548-f1172a1f24b0 [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Federal Court of Australia. (2011) Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey (No 2). [Online] Federal Court of Australia. Available from: https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2011/2011fca1003 [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Halsey Legal Services. (2017) Directors' duties: Control and understand the flow of management information. [Online] Halsey Legal Services. Available from: https://www.halseys.com.au/detail.php?id=19 [Accessed on: 29/11/17] ICNL. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Jacobson, D. (2011) Centro (ASIC v Healey) Case Note: Directors Duties for Financial Statements. [Online] Bright Law. Available from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/centro-asic-v-healey-case-note-directors-duties-for-financial-statements/ [Accessed on: 29/11/17] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Walmsley, S., and Puri, R. (2011) The Centro decision - ASIC v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717. [Online] Johnson Winter Slattery. Available from: https://www.jws.com.au/en/legal-updates-archive/item/198-the-centro-decision-asic-v-healey-ors-2011-fca-717 [Accessed on: 29/11/17] WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 29/11/17]

Tracy Chapman Essays - The Story Of Tracy Beaker, Tracy Chapman

Tracy Chapman In Nineteen Eighty-eight Tracy Chapman released her self titled debut album that retraced echoes of racial difference throughout time. When released, Tracy's first hit album sold vastly worldwide affecting millions of people's firm beliefs on racism is just one year. In Nineteen Eighty-nine she sold ten million albums and won herself three Grammy's. Tracy had herself off to a great start, but the best had just begun for this black vocalist. On her self titled album, she had several hits of which one led to some diligent listeners forever touched. Tracy was one of the first African American vocalists to show expression and feelings on a controversial level about race and power in a turmoiled country suffering from the aftershocks of segregation among blacks and whites. One song, Fast Car, on her debut album led to the embarkment of who Tracy Chapman the singer was, is and quite possibly who she may become. This song, Fast Car is one of her most sensitive songs to gloat my ears. Hearing her sing and express herself on such an inner personal level emphasizes Tracy's strength and determination. The beat sets a rhythm that you will hum for days. In the song Fast Car, Tracy literally relates her life to this fast car, hence the title. Many people don't associate the title of the song and the interpretation while listening to the song. In my interpretation the song is the story of Tracy's life and the travesties that she overcomes. The song is a progression over several years in her life. Fast Car takes us through three stages in her life. There is no repetitive chorus in this song either which I find rather interesting because her chorus is the progression of her life. Tracy begins her award winning inspirational song and the first stage in her life by singing: "You got a Fast Car; I want a ticket to anywhere; Maybe we can make a deal: Maybe together we can get somewhere". This beginning chorus states literally that Tracy wants to leave her life and she will leave it with anyone who is willing to go with her. It could very well be one of the saddest lines in the song, showing a deep and unsung depression. This line personally I feel relates to many peoples lives, how they want to escape the one thing they know in hopes of better. Imagine how many people can relate with Tracy in those few phrases. The next verse in the song elaborates Tracy's optimism towards her past and her future. She sings with eloquence: "Anyplace is better; Started from zero got nothing to lose; Maybe we'll make something; But me myself I have nothing to prove". Tracy sings about hating her life, and how she would like to state it over. I believe she's stating how she has never known any better but she holds hope for the future. She doesn't think it will take much to change her repetitive life. Tracy's second chorus begins with: "You got a fast car and I got a plant o get us out of here; Been working down at the convenience store; Managed to save just a little bit of money; We don't have to drive that far, just cross the border and into the city. You and I can both get jobs and finally see what it means to be living". In this verse I believe she says that she is making the best of her situation. Maybe that means living life as it has always been. Although Tracy lives with he agonizing patience of her better tomorrow. Everyone has their dreams and hopes. Tracy may not be as materialistic as others but she is more in touch with her personal side which gives the song great meaning. Tracy expands on her drama in the third chorus but only by elaborating more on her previous verse. In this verse, Tracy brings up a fairly painful event in her life. This verse also decodes a lot of the reason behind her actions and emotions Tracy has dealt with. She begins: "You see my old man's got a problem. He lives with the bottle and that's the way it is. He say his body too old for working, I say it's too young to look like this. My mama went off and left him; She wanted more from life than he could give: I said somebody's got to take care of him; So I quit school and that's what I did."