Exposing Children to Profanity Essay Example For Students

Exposing Children to Profanity Essay The United States Constitution gives Americans many rights. One of those rights is the freedom of speech. A controversy has erupted in the United States because the government is unable to determine the limitations on this right. In early America when our forefathers wrote the Constitution, profanity was not accepted (Shoeder 72). This makes determining the true definition of speech difficult. A majority of people believe profanity is an acceptable form of language. These people feel that they are free to say what they want without worrying about the rights of others. Due to this insensitivity, a child has a hard time walking down a street without hearing offensive words. For example, there is a man standing on a street corner harassing another person. The child hears profane words used by the man, and from this the child relates anger with profanity. Another example is a woman seen arguing with a cashier using profanity in an attempt to get her way, and the child with her begins to believe that to get your way you must cruse. A third example is a waitress having a bad day, and taking it out on the customers the child in the booth next to the customers and the waitress is thinking that this is a proper way to communicate. All of these examples are using improper language for children to hear (Shoeder 72). Parents are then expected to explain and make excuses for the vocabulary being used by others. Profanity has become uncontrollable and has had a great role in the moral decay of our society. The main goal for parents and government officials should be the regulation of profanity in the United States. Adults are formed through the experiences of their childhood. The way a person acts and speaks is often determined at a young age. When a parent uses profanity, a child may feel free to also use these words. For instance, a mother may not intentionally use profanity when cutting her finger while in the kitchen. As a result of the mothers action, a child may use the same words when they get hurt (Hochman 29). Parents play a great part in a young persons upbringing so it is not surprising that children imitate their guardians actions. Growing up without a role model forces a child to look for other sources to imitate. Television has role models for children to admire most of them are not beneficial for children. Unfortunately this does not stop them from imitating their role models language. Profanity has become entertaining to television viewers, many of them being children. Televisions role in our society is much more powerful than one may realize. The Television reaches more than 19 0 million viewers in America. Almost 100 million of these are children. The regulations on Television are relatively good for channels that broadcast through the air. Stations that broadcast on cable systems do not have as many restrictions as the air stations so the cursing and violence in programs on these stations are not as regulated. With some cable systems a person can order pay-per-view. This is ordering a show or an event and paying for that access. Many of these pay-per-view shows are pornographic in nature. The problem is that all you need to order these programs is a credit card. These shows can be easily viewed by children that have access to a parents credit card. (Hochman 30)Profanity is more widely accepted today compared to in the past. The Movie Industry, prior to 1966, did not produce an abundance of films that contained profanity. After this year the profanities in movies became more acceptable and only progressed as the years went on (Rowe 14). Some examples expr essing the progression of profanity are, Rocky which was made in 1976. This contains 36 curse words compared to Scarface, made in 1984, which contains 299 curse words (Rowe 15). These are movies that have become easily available for children to see. Parents should monitor what their children see at the movies, but should not rely on the counting of profanities by such groups as the Entertainment Research Group, rather they should use more common sense (Rowe 16). The Movie Industry has a rating system for the movies it produces. The rating system is as follows: A G rating is used for movies that are suitable for children. The PG rating is used for movies that do not have cursing or violence and are suitable for children accompanied by a parent. A PG13 rating is used for movies that have cursing and limited violence and are not suitable for children under the age of 13. The R rating is used for movies that have an abundance of cursing, violence, and sexual content and is suitable for viewers 17 and older. A NC17 rating is used for movies that have an abundance of curing, graphic violence, and sexual activity. NC17 rated movies are restricted for mature viewers age 17 or older. The X rating is used for movies that have detailed sexual content and are not suitable for viewers under the age of 21 (Levee 1). The Movie Industry has become very generous with the ratings they have been giving out over the last ten years. It seems that a movie today with a PG13 rating would have had an R rating 10 years ago (Levee 8). In todays world the movies seem to be imitating life, or is it the other way around? The violence, profanity and sexual content in movies has its roots in the worst part of our society. In society today it seems that life is imitating art. The Federal Communications Commission was instituted to keep profanity and violence off Radio and Television. The FCC prosecutes those who abuse the use of profanity on the air. Radio personality, Howard Stern, was repri manded by the government for using profanity on his national talk show. The FCC levied a $105,000 fine against a Los Angeles station that broadcasts his show (Levee 8). Children are becoming confused as to what is the proper form of the English language, because parents tell them the language is unacceptable, yet it is broadcast on the radio (Rowe 17). .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 , .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .postImageUrl , .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 , .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2:hover , .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2:visited , .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2:active { border:0!important; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2:active , .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2 .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b3dbbec3c947e14fa6e136c0cd6c4b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Enterprise Architecture as Strategy EssayProfanity will become an even greater problem when a child learns to read. Profanities not only can be heard, but also read. They can be read on bumper stickers, T-shirts, books, and magazines. For example, a recent comic book distributed by Marvel comics contained 12 curse words. This comics main readers are children. From comics to books, the profanity found in todays literature would not have been acceptable forty years ago. The book Gone With the Wind that contains only one curse word, was made into a movie. The movie was considered to be rated R which was unheard of for its time. Therefore, many parents refused to claim the boo k as a piece of literature and did not allow their children to read it. Try to imagine those same parents reading a book or watching a movie today (Shoeder 73). Profanity has even reached the world of video games. In the past video games were slow, with graphics and sound that were very simple and innocent. However, with the invention of CD ROM, a games graphics and sound are very clear and crisp. This opens the door for sexual games with both nudity and profanity. To combat this problem the Software Publishers Association has devised a rating system for computer games. The manufacturer will have to put labels on their games that will include ones for violence, sex and nudity, and profanity (Golanski 58). Profanity has even affected how many people play and look at sports. The cameramen at sporting events have increasingly focused in on athletes who, after failing in some way, go into a tirade of profanity. Even though the language is inaudible the words can easily be interpreted and found to be offensive. Children who watch these tirades on television have a tendency to imitate their favorite stars actions if they are frustrated when competing (Montville 98). Sports star Thurman Thomas running back for the Buffalo Bills allegedly had a profanity-laced outburst at four young boys who asked him for his autograph. Although he denies the accusations, he was heard at a press conference just weeks before cursing the reporters and the opponents he had just faced (Wolff 16). In an article in Newsweek it talks about a woman who was surprised when a store clerk tries to protect her from a customers foul mouth. It goes on to say While everyone seems to agree that something should be done about profanity, few people ever do anything about it, and most people contribute to the problem (Maurer 19). Even if you are not listened to by the offender at least you are trying to make an effort to clean up societys mouth. Profanities exist in all facets of our society and are depleting us of morals. Many parents are failing to teach their children the importance of proper behavior and respectable language. This is an uncontrollable problem that is being assisted by the profanity. It is our nations responsibility to set a moral example for its children. If as a nation, we fail to do this for our children then we must be prepared to face the consequences. One of the consequences may be that our children will never know the correct form of language. Morals may just be something of the past. If this occurs, then our society will be in turmoil. Work Cited Golanski, Candace. Rating the fun stuff. Popular Science Dec. 5, 1994: 16. Hochman, David. Do you kiss your mother with that mouth? US June 1994: 29-30. Levee, Michael A. In the Cursed 90s, Expletives Are Seldom Deleted. Chicago Tribune Nov. 6 1992: sec 1: 1+. Maurer, Sandra Flahive. Mind your tongue, young man. Newsweek Oct. 17, 1994: 19. Montville, Leigh. Point After: Stop Reading Those Lips! Sports Illustrated Oct. 29, 1990: 98. .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 , .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .postImageUrl , .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 , .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53:hover , .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53:visited , .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53:active { border:0!important; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53:active , .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53 .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubac846c15a903bd2d917c4ec92692d53:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mahatma Gandhi: Man Of Peace EssayRowe, Chip. Male dicta Favors the Whole Truth. Washington Journalism Review Jan. 1993: 14-16. Schoeder, Ken. Education Briefs: Getting Your WordsWorth. Educational Digest Mar. 1992: 72-73. Wolff, Alexander. Offensive back. Sports Illustrated Dec. 5, 1994: 16.

Comedy of Errors Analysis free essay sample

In comedy, the plot is to a greater extent driven by the characters, which are accordingly multi-dimensional and continue to develop throughout. The characters in the play do lack the depth of those in the more mature comedies (The Comedy of Errors is considered an early work). This was viewed as a problem by many critics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, who based critical analysis of Shakespeares plays around the psychological complexity of characters. The greater the complexity, the more worthy the play is deemed. Judged by this criterion, The Comedy of Errors falls short of the mature comedies. However, the characters are not as one-dimensional as would be expected from a farce: Adriana, Antipholus S. and Egeon have a measure of complexity. The themes too appear too weighty for pure farce: debt, identity, and love and marriage, though we have to wait for the later plays to see them explored more fully. STUCK WITH SOME HOMEWORK ISSUE NO With regard to plot, too, the play has aspects of farce. In his Lectures upon WORRIES POST A Shakespeare, the poet and critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) called The CALLOUT HERE ON NOVELGUIDE Comedy of Errors a farce: A proper farce is mainly distinguished from comedy by studyhall. ovelguide. com the license allowed, and even required, in the fable, in order to produce strange and laughable situations. The story need not be probable, it is enough that it is possible. A comedy would scarcely allow even the two Antipholuses; . . . farce add(s) the two Dromios. Though most Shakespeare plays contain improbable elements, The Comedy of Errors has a great deal, and considerable suspension of disbelief is demanded of the audience. However, it is possible to argue that the improbable plot, far from being a problem, is the main point of the play. Shakespeare creates an enchanted atmosphere in which anything can happen. The certainties of life are stripped away; reason no longer applies; it is a world of pure potentiality. The fact that most people find this play to be the funniest that Shakespeare wrote (seeing a good performance will confirm this) adds to this disorienting effect, as humor works by subverting expectations. Thus, the farcical elements perform a serious role while at the same Novel Guides Schools Invite a friend Blogs Hey Tutor Homework Help- Callout Log In to Novelgude 1 of 5 28/05/2013 3:36 PM NovelGuide: The Comedy of Errors: Essay QA Study Guide| Novelguide http://www. novelguide. com/TheComedyofErrors/essayquestions. html 1 A B C Novelguide: Search Study Guides Latest Reports EssaysD E F G H Latest Quotes By Topic O I J K L M N P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Navigation See whats new on our blog About Us Test Prep Material Subscription Plans How it Works Book Store Report Essay Novelguides Search Your School Contact Us Useful Links Be a student helper Hire a student helper Find a student helper Invite classmates Join a school Join a teacher group Rate a teacher group Teacher ratings Subscription Plans www. studyhall. novelguide. com www. video. novelguide. com www. marketplace. novelguide. com About Us Novelguide. com is the premier free source for literary analysis Test Prep Material on the web. We provide an educational supplement for better understanding of classic and contemporary literature. Novelguide. com is continually in the process of adding more books to the website each week. Please check back weekly to see what we have added. Please let us know if you have any suggestions or comments or would like any additional information. Thanks for checking out our website. Copyright  © 1999 2012 Novelguide. com. All Rights Reserved. 6-SAT-9Verbal(Analogy) 7-GRE-Vocabulary(Find the meaning) 8-SAT-9Vocab(Find the Meaning) 9-Sample-Test 10-SAT-9Math-First-Half more Terms of Use Copyright Privacy main purpose in writing the play. In conclusion, the play contains elements of both comedy and farce, but is not constrained by either genre. 2. Compare and contrast the attitude to love and marriage held by Adriana and Luciana. Do their attitudes change in the course of the play? In Act 2, scene 1, Adriana complains angrily of her husband Antipholuss absences from home. She does not see why men should enjoy more freedom than women, and objects to the double standards applying to male and female behavior. Luciana presents the view of a dutiful wife: Adriana should show patience, and men need more freedom because business takes them out and about. She draws on Biblical sources in her speech upholding the concept of a natural order in which males have dominion over females. It is not presumptuous to say that this is Shakespeares own view, since his plays uphold the natural order and show the devastating consequences of its subversion. Adriana sees Lucianas view as servitude, and blames it for the fact that she is still unmarried. She thinks that if she were married, she would have power over her husband. But Luciana believes that she should learn to obey before learning to love. If her husband strayed, she would not complain until she had a chance to discuss it. Adriana is unimpressed, pointing out that Luciana speaks from inexperience. Adrianas despair over Antipholuss behavior is a product of her view of marriage as a merging of one partners identity in the others (Act 2, scene 2, lines 119-129), so that they are undividable, incorporate. This view is destructive. Adrianas possessiveness only results in her husbands concocting white lies in the next scene Novel Guides Schools Invite a friend Blogs Hey Tutor Homework Help- Callout Log In to Novelgude 2 of 5 28/05/2013 3:36 PM NovelGuide: The Comedy of Errors: Essay QA Study Guide| Novelguide http://www. novelguide. om/TheComedyofErrors/essayquestions. html to cover for his absences. And after Adriana unwittingly locks him out of his home, he exploits his friendship with the Courtesan to pay his wife back, her extreme jealousy making her an easy target of such manipulation. Both Adriana and her marriage suffer as a result of her possessiveness. We later learn that Luciana, unlike Adriana, may accept infidelity if the husband pretends to love his wife and is discree t. Ominously, she unwittingly says this to the man she may marry, giving him permission to cheat. Luciana bends over so far backwards in her submissive stance that she obliterates her own self-respect and identity to the same extent that Adriana does by her extreme possessiveness. Adriana is rebuked by the Abbess for her possessive nagging of Antipholus, but the Abbesss claim over the moral high ground is undermined by her about-turn: first, she says Adriana has not been tough enough, but then she switches to saying that Adriana has driven Antipholus mad by her jealous fits. The second verdict strikes home with Adriana; her own conscience prompts her to change in the direction of Lucianas patient stance. Luciana, for all her promised submission to a husband, joins up with a man (Antipholus S. ) who only wants to submit to her (teach me, dear creature, how to think and speak Act 3, scene 2, line 33), suggesting that she will modify her stance towards that taken initially by Adriana. However, it is possible to interpret this in another way. A tradition within ostensibly male-dominated societies teaches that womens power lies in submitting to the husband in the male spheres of providing money and protection, while maintaining spiritual and emotional leadership in the marriage. In other words, Shakespeare may be showing us the power of the submissive wife. But Lucianas spirited defence of Adriana against the Abbess (Act 5, scene 1, line 89) shows that she is not prepared to take injustice lying down, and this may suggest that she has modified her views. 3. Compare and contrast the two Antipholuses. The Antipholuses, though identical in appearance, are very different in personality. Antipholus S. first appears as a melancholic, insecure man who feels quite lost as a result of having lost his twin brother and mother. Even at the beginning of the confusion of identities that creates misunderstandings, he is fearful of witchcraft. He has heard that witches can transform a persons body and mind another twist on his fear that he has lost his identity. Antipholus E. , in contrast, believes he knows exactly who he is at the beginning of the play: he is husband to Adriana, and a wealthy and respected businessman in Ephesus with a comfortable home. But this assumed identity is based on illusion. Before the plays end, it appears that he has lost his wife (when she locks him out), his home (from which she bars him), his gold chain, and even his reputation and freedom (when Angelo vilifies and arrests him for not paying for the chain). All these things are finally restored to him, though not before he is seriously shaken up. It is notable that, mistaking Dromio E. for his own Dromio S. , Antipholus S. is irritated by his servants apparent jests and even strikes him, but he engages with his servant and allows himself to be laughed out of his anger. This contrasts markedly with Antipholus E. s invariably angry, violent and humorless responses to the Dromios. The two twins also treat their women differently: Antipholus E. s attitude to his wife is characterized by anger, jealousy and spite, with an admixture of contempt in his request to Angelo for collusion in a white lie to placate Adriana. Antipholus S. , on the other hand, is more timorous yet more respectful of women: he runs terrified from the Courtesan, thinking her a devil, but begs Luciana to transform him and create him anew. It must be said, in Antipholus E. s defense, that he suffers huge losses (wife, home, gold chain, reputation and freedom) and so has more to be angry about. Antipholus S. , on the other hand, gains a temporary wife (whom he does not like Adriana), a lover in Luciana, a gold chain, use of his brothers house, a dinner, and the attention that is usually given to his wealthy brother. But it could equally be argued that Novel Guides Schools Invite a friend Blogs Hey Tutor Homework Help- Callout Log In to Novelgude 3 of 5 28/05/2013 3:36 PM NovelGuide: The Comedy of Errors: Essay QA Study Guide| Novelguide http://www. novelguide. com/TheComedyofErrors/essayquestions. html previous sense of loss and incompleteness. In addition, his openness to new experiences in his acceptance of Adrianas dinner invitation makes it fitting that he should be given further gifts. Antipholus E. s lesson, on the other hand, is that he should not base his identity on the trappings of the wealthy merchant he believes himself to be, because all this can be (and is) taken from him. 4. What role does magic play in The Comedy of Errors? Shakespeare devotes great care to establishing Ephesus as a place of enchantment and illusion. In the Elizabethan mind, Ephesus (in modern-day Turkey) was associated with sorcery, exorcism, mystery cults, and emerging Christianity. Antipholus S. arrives in Ephesus fearful of its witches and sorcerers, and he blames the confusion caused by the two sets of identical twins on enchantments. This fear spreads to include other characters, who blame magic for the seeming transformations in themselves and their loved ones. Adriana engages Dr Pinch to exorcise her seemingly mad husband, and in Act 2, scene 2, Dromio S. wonders whether he has been turned into an ape or an ass by a sorcerer. Dromios image encompasses both the strange transformations that a sorcerer was supposed to be able to work in a persons appearance, and the connotation of foolishness, suggesting that they are all being made fools of. By the end of the play, even the normally reasonable Duke has caught the contagion of the fear of magic, and helplessly concludes, I think you have all drunk of Circes cup (Act 5, scene 1, line 271). The binding of Antipholus E. by Dr Pinchs men, and the Dukes falling victim to fears of witchcraft, push the atmosphere dangerously towards that of a witch-hunt: in Shakespeares day, people who were suspected of witchcraft were hunted, tortured and burned to death. Only the Abbesss calm intervention saves the situation. Her rational explanation for all that has taken place reveals everyones fear of magic and witches to be groundless. The magic turns out not to be real, and its chief exponent, Pinch, turns out to be a ridiculous charlatan. 5. What does Shakespeares use of his sources tell us about his aims in writing the play? Shakespeares main source for The Comedy of Errors was a comedy called Menaechmi, written by the ancient Roman playwright Plautus (c. 254- 184 BC). Shakespeare probably read the play in the original Latin, since the first English translation was only published in 1595, after The Comedy of Errors is believed to have been written. From Menaechmi Shakespeare took his central plot, which revolves around the errors caused by the mistaken identity of identical twin brothers. Shakespeare made a number of changes to Plautuss story. First, he added a second set of identical twins (the Dromios), doubling the possibilities for confusion. Second, he expanded Adrianas character (Plautus only has an anonymous shrewish Wife) and created her sister, Luciana, who acts as a foil to Adriana. In this way, Shakespeare gave women a greater voice and made possible the debate between the sisters about issues of marriage and gender. He also shrank the role of the Courtesan compared with Plautuss equivalent character, and took away her name. Third, he added the background story of Egeon and Emilia, giving a tragic element of loss redeemed by the final reunion. Critics generally agree that Shakespeare rounded out Plautuss one-dimensional characters and gave them greater humanity. Finally, Shakespeare added the setting of Ephesus as a place of enchantment and illusion, creating an undercurrent of fear and allowing for greater exploration of the issue of identity. The play also draws on other sources. The farcical, fast and furious style of Shakespeares play is drawn from Italian comedy of his own time. The scene where Antipholus E. is locked out of his home is similar to one in another work of Plautuss, Amphitruo. In Amphitruo, the wife entertains the god Jupiter in her husbands house in the belief that he is her husband; and the wife does sleep with Jupiter. Though Shakespeare does not explicitly say that nothing sexual happens between Novel Guides Schools Invite a friend Blogs Hey Tutor Homework Help- Callout Log In to Novelgude 4 of 5 28/05/2013 3:36 PM NovelGuide: The Comedy of Errors: Essay QA Study Guide| Novelguide http://www. novelguide. om/TheComedyofErrors/essayquestions. html Adriana and his single-minded wooing of her sister Luciana, which we see in full flow immediately after the dinner. Shakespeare thereby makes Adriana more innocent than Plautuss equivalent character and maintains more of a possibility of reconciliation between Adriana and her husband. analysis novel review biography novelguide book book reviews The Comedy of Errors novel guide William Shakespeare No vel Guides Schools Invite a friend Blogs Hey Tutor Homework Help- Callout Log In to Novelgude 5 of 5 28/05/2013 3:36 PM

Thomas Hardys Tess Of The Durbervilles Essays -

Thomas Hardy's Tess Of The Durbervilles Extremities In Thomas Hardy's Tess of the Durbervilles, Tess worked in two extremely differentiating places. Both Talbothay's and Flintcomb Ash represented a time in her life whether it be favorable or horrid. Both of these spots contributed a deep meaning to the novel. The happiest days of Tess's life were spent on a dairy farm called Talbothay's. It was there that she met Angel Claire, with whom she had desperately fallen in love with and married. Talbothay's was used as a symbol of grandeur in Tess's life. It was there where she found meaning in her life for the first time in the novel and became content with herself. However, it all came to an abrupt end when she married Angel and told him of her affair with her cousin Alex. Angel was devastated and left her to fend for herself. This is when her life got much harder. Through a friend, she got a job working for Flintcomb Ash. It was a physically exhausting job, in which she had utter hatred for. While there she ran into her cousin Alex. This only worsened her terrible state of mind. From then on she longed for the days with Angel at Talbothay's. Talbothay's and Flintcomb Ash differ extremely in their descriptions. Talbothay's was a Utopia in Tess's life. It was depicted with luscious greenery and rolling hills. It was located in the Vale of Froom, which was known for its rich and fertile soil. There nothing could bother tess. Flintcomb Ash was a barren wastelan characterized by misery and pain. It was a cruel place in which Tess spent the worst days of her life. There she found the meaning of true wretchedness, but at the same time began to appreciate her days at Talbothay's. The descriptions Hardy used to depict the two places were central to the meaning of the work. The descriptive writing lets tthe reader not only see both places, but feel them as well. This allows the reader to find apathy for Tess's situation and take pity on her. The contrast made between talbothay's and Flintcomb Ash was used to symbolize the enormous conflict Tess's life dealt with. Through this type of writing the reader begins to see that no matter how bad a person might think they have it, someone else has always got it worse. Bibliography Bloom, Harold. T.S. Eliot. Pennsylvania:Chelsea House Publishers,1999. 60-68. Curley/Kramer, eds. Modern American Literature:Vol. 1. New York:Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1969. 340-341. Perkins, George, ed. Benet's Reader' Encyclopedia of American Literature. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.300-301.

How to Use Mandarin General Prepositions

How to Use Mandarin General Prepositions Mandarin prepositions are used to link nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases within a sentence. Mandarin prepositions can refer to movement within time or space, or function as general prepositions such as the English prepositions with, to, or for. General Prepositions The most common general Mandarin prepositions are: Ã¥ °  / Ã¥ ¯ ¹ – duà ¬ – to (someone)è ·Å¸ – gÄ“n – with; fromç µ ¦ / ç »â„¢ – gÄ›i – to; foræ› ¿ – tà ¬ – for (someone)ç” ¨ – yà ²ng – with Using Mandarin Prepositions The object of a Mandarin preposition comes directly after the preposition, and the OBJECT PREPOSITION phrase (the Prepositional Phrase or PP) comes before the verb, as in this example: Zhà ¨gà ¨ xiÇŽo nÇšhi duà ¬ wÇ’ wÄ“ixio.這個å ° Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¥ ­ ©Ã¥ ° Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ®Ã§ ¬â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥ ° Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¥ ­ ©Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ®Ã§ ¬â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€šThis little girl smiled at me. (literally: This little girl at me smiled.) Modifiers such as adverbs are placed either before the PP or after the verb’s object: WÇ’ mà ­ngtiÄ n huà ¬ gÄ“n tÄ  shuÃ… .我明å ¤ ©Ã¦Å"Æ'è ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"è ª ªÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"è ¯ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šI will speak with him tomorrow. (literally: I tomorrow will with him speak.) Mandarin Preposition Examples Here are a few sentences with Mandarin prepositions. Please note that there may be more than one translation of English prepositions. Mandarin prepositions have stricter usage than English. Gn JÄ «ntiÄ n wÇŽnshang wÇ’ yo gÄ“n tÄ  qà ¹ chÄ «fn.ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦â„¢Å¡Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"åŽ »Ã¥ Æ'é £ ¯Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦â„¢Å¡Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"åŽ »Ã¥ Æ'é ¥ ­Ã£â‚¬â€šThis evening I am going to have dinner with him. (literally: Today’s evening I am going with him to go and eat food.) Gi LÇ  xiÄ nsheng xiÇŽng gÄ›i tÄ  de titai mÇŽi yÄ « tio jÄ «n xinglin.æ Å½Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦Æ' ³Ã§ µ ¦Ã¤ »â€"çš„å ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤ ªÃ¨ ² ·Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¢ Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã©  â€¦Ã© Å Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦ Å½Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦Æ' ³Ã§ »â„¢Ã¤ »â€"çš„å ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤ ªÃ¤ ¹ °Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦  ¡Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã© ¡ ¹Ã§â€š ¼Ã£â‚¬â€šMr. Li is thinking of buying a gold necklace for his wife. (literally: Mr. Li is thinking for his wife to buy a gold necklace.) T TÄ  yÇ jÄ «ng tà ¬ wÇ’ xiÃ… « hÇŽo le.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¥ · ²Ã§ ¶â€œÃ¦â€º ¿Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ ¿ ®Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¥ ¹Ã¥ · ²Ã§ » Ã¦â€º ¿Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ ¿ ®Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šShe has already fixed it for me. (literally: She already for me fixed it.) Yng TÄ  yà ²ng mà ¹ gà ¹n qiÄ o wÇ’ de tà ³u.ä »â€"ç” ¨Ã¦Å" ¨Ã¦ £ Ã¦â€¢ ²Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©   ­Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »â€"ç” ¨Ã¦Å" ¨Ã¦ £ Ã¦â€¢ ²Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¤ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šHe hit me on the head with a stick. (literally: He with a stick hit my head.)

World history. A Critical Analysis of The Communist Manifesto Essay

World history. A Critical Analysis of The Communist Manifesto - Essay Example In the ‘Manifesto’, Marx and Engels have made an effort to evaluate the history of human society according to the ‘mode of production and labor’. They argue that modern society is based on the latest mode of production. Meanwhile, they further envisage that, according to the ‘mode of production’, socialism (or communism) is next to Capitalism which is supposed to exploit labor by alienating from the production. In fact, the political dimension of communism is essentially the result of its response to the capitalists’ exploitation. Marx and Engels argue that the proletariats (or working class people) should unite themselves to accelerate the transition of human society from capitalism to socialism. But though Marx and Engel’s concept of ‘class struggle’ is persuasive enough to explain the changes human society’s activities, these authors have failed to understand that a theory which is, indeed, meant for explaini ng the economic changes in human society, is not sufficient to bring a radical political change in a country or a society. At best, a theory, like Marxism, can predict the oncoming changes in a society; but there must be exception. In the preface of â€Å"Communist Manifesto†, Engels claims that the text is â€Å"essentially Marx's work† and that â€Å"the basic thought... belongs solely and exclusively to Marx† (Marx and Engels 23). In fact, Marx’s theory of class-conflict constitutes the premise of the â€Å"Manifesto†. Depending on the Class-struggle theory, Marx explores the heart of Capitalism. In the very beginning of â€Å"Communist Manifesto†, Marx and Engels claim that human history is basically â€Å"the history of class struggles† (Marx and Engels 34). They argue that there are generally two conflicting parties in this struggle. This conflict is determined of the mode of labor, which is, indeed, a relationship between the l aborer and the production. In this regard, these authors assert that â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another† (Marx and Engels 43). They further argue that this class war always ends â€Å"either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes† (Marx and Engels 43). According their claim, capitalism is the penultimate stage, of human society, which itself has resulted from the dissolution of the former feudalist social order through the conflict between the feudal lords and their subjects. Even the struggle between the bourgeois class and the proletariats will dissolve the capitalist society into a classless society where class-conflict will not exist. In the first chapter of the â€Å"Manifesto†, Marx and Engels say that in a capitalist society, the bourgeoisies are amorally p rofit-oriented; they maneuver both social and political institutions in order to exploit the proletariats’ labor and to accumulate wealth, as Marx and Engels note in this regard, â€Å"The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations...for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation† (Marx and Engels 67). It is evident that Marx and Engels have successfully explored the heart of a society’s economic system and its role in as a determinant sociopolitical power structure in a society. Yet some of Marx and Engels’s claims are quite problematic. They take it for granted that the proletariats are exploited and the bourgeoisies are the exploiting owners of a capitalist soci

Danages and their calculability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Danages and their calculability - Research Paper Example Damages, generally, vary largely depending on the type of loss or injury sustained, the claim presented and the jurisdiction in which the claim is brought. Though the general concept of damages is well rooted in common law not all damages are, especially when considering those recoverable in securities law (Hames 101). Nevertheless damage awards are often at the center of controversy given their monetary nature and their debilitating effect. In response, congress has attempted to address these concerns by enacting several statutes limiting the monetary awards damages can afford. Nonetheless, damages play an integral part of every legal system, providing teeth to every bite civil law imposes. This paper seeks to discuss and examine the different types of fraud damages available in breach of contract, tort, and under Rule 10b-5 and how those damages are calculated. Because the rules governing damage awards very greatly on the jurisdiction they are pursued in, the aim of this paper is t o provide a general understanding of the customary rules governing common damage types. The discussion is divided in three parts. Part one will briefly discuss the nature of damages. Part two will discuss fraud damage types and calculability in three sections: compensatory damages and restitution, mitigation of damages and punitive damages. Part three will examine and analyze the damages for fraud, and their related drawbacks under tort, contract breach, and 10b-5. In the legal system, civil law has its core principles in a system that serves in the perspective of a primary source in law. Based on the Roman law’s framework, civil law was developed from Western Europe origins. The same can be contrasted with common law, which basis intellectual dependency on judge made decisional laws, that accord precedential authority to any prior court decisions. The latter is on the principle of unfairness in treating similar facts, on different occasions in a different manner. In discussi ng about these issues, calculation of damages in relation to a legal dispute is essential especially in diminution values. Diminution of values depicts a measure of value that can be termed lost as owed to circumstances causing loss. Diminutive in value is a measure on an items value prior to and subsequent to the ideal act or an omission done to create the value lost to ensure calculation of compensation changes. Relating to theories available in legal damages this type of value in mostly used for damages related to special compensations (Johnson 76). The principles of damages and their calculability Before damages can be recovered, there must be a wrong committed (M11). Even if a loss has been incurred, damages cannot be awarded absent a wrong or invasion of a legal right (M11). The objective of damages is to give the claimant compensation for the loss or injury he or she has suffered, as a result of a breach of duty or right owed to the claimant (M12). Damages in fraud are econom ic losses that include all financial and material losses, such as loss of profits incurred or loss of value. (M12). These losses on their face can be measured financially. The general purpose of damages is to award the claimant an amount of money that will put him or her in the same position had he or she not been wronged (M13). The rule however is not absolute. There are limitations where the compensation

Modeling and Design of Shallow Foundations

Modeling and Design of Shallow Foundations Overview Construction of structures involves setting up of foundation which is the lowest part of a building or a bridge and which transmits weight to underlying soil. There are two classes of foundations, these are: shallow and deep ones. The major subject of the paper is modeling and design of shallow foundations. A shallow foundation is a footing planned to take a shape of rectangle or square which supports columns, other structures and walls. As per the provision of civil engineering, a foundation is considered to be shallow when it is less than six feet in depth or when its depth equals its width. According to Paolocci (1997), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a foundation supports the weight or load of any construction work such as building, bridges and roads. The design used to model a foundation depends on the type of soil, load of the building, materials used and the purpose of the construction,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.564). Modeling and design of shallow foundations includes the techniques and requirements of civil engineering that must be put in place while setting up a foundation.[1] There are various types of shallow foundation such as mat-slab, spread footing and slab- on grade. Spread footing foundation is mostly used in construction of commercial structures and basements. This type of shallow foundation includes strips of concrete that help in transfer of wall or column loads to bedrock. Several factors control spread footing such as penetration that results due to near surface layers, leading to changed volume because of shrink, swell or frost heave. Mat-slab foundations are used in the distribution of heavy walls or column loads constructed across the whole building and help to reduce pressure created from construction materials. This type of shallow foundation is constructed at a close range with ground surface or in construction of lower part of basements. Mat-slab foundations can also be used in construction of high rise buildings where the foundation is thick and requires extensive reinforcement to ensure that there is uniform transfer of load. Another type of shallow foundation is slab-on- grade that is used in structural engineering for structures formed from mold set ground. This foundation is elevated through a concrete slab placed in the mold, thus creating no space between the structure and bed rock. Slab-on-grade is common in construction works found in warmer climate where there is no need for heat ducting, ground freezing and thawing. The advantages of using this form of shallow foundation is that it is cheap, sturdy and less vulnerable to insects, such as termites for example. In their argument, Zeng Steadman (1998) have formulated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shallow foundations are commonly used in structural constructions through the application of various models and designs. This creates an environment for providing strong construction work that lasts for a long period of time,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.247). Other forms of foundations such as deep, piles, caissons and piers are mainly used to establish strong foundation for prime structures.[2] The provisions of civil engineering do not provide overwhelming constructions that are threat to human life and the environment. The use of shallow foundations has advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of shallow foundations are that * It is cost effective hence affordable * There is no need of experts to provide labor for shallow foundations * Materials used are concrete and easily available. * The construction procedure is simple. Disadvantages of using shallow foundation * Limitation capacity is soil structure * Foundation is always subjected to torsion, moment and pullout * Settlement is a major problem * The ground surface is sometimes irregular making the structures sloppy. When designing a shallow foundation, there are two common aspects that must be considered. Firstly, the pressure on applied foundation should not be more than the bearing capacity of the supporting soil. Secondly, foundation settlement should not be excessed due to the impact of pressure on applied foundation. Chapter 1: The modes of failure depending on soil type, foundation size and depth. There are only three specific modes of soil failure associated with soil type, foundation size and depth. These include general shear failure, local shear failure and punching shear failure. General shear failure It is a mode of failure in which ultimate strength of soil is associated with the entire surface of sliding before the entire structure underlying soil is affected by excessive movement. This mode of failure depending on soil type, foundation size and depth is commonly encountered in stiff clays and sand soil that is in dense underlying shallow foundation. When the load of the structure is increased, the foundation pressure on the shallow foundation increases.[3] Foundation settlement also increases with increased pressure until ultimate bearing capacity is reached. Sudden foundation settlement increase is immediately noticed when bearing capacity has been reached. This is an indication of loss in support of the shallow foundation leading to failure of foundation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Another impact of general shear failure mode is the inability of the foundation to maintain applied pressure. This is also accompanied by failure surface that is a threat to structural construction,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Le Pape Sieffert, p.1404). Generally, in shear failure mode, there is always a difference between applied pressure and foundation settlement that corresponds to ultimate bearing capacity. Local shear failure This mode of failure is encountered in sand soil that is medium dense and medium stiff clay type of soils. Local shear failure is characterized by absence of distinct peak in pressure against foundation settlement. Determination of bearing capacity in local shear failure is based on excessive foundation settlement. Local shear failure is associated with progressive failure surface that extends to ground surface once bearing capacity has been reached.[4] In addition, it is a failure with ultimate shearing strength of soil that is usually mobilized locally along with the potential surface of sliding. This happens at a time when the structure supported by soil is affected by rapid movement. Punching shear failure This mode of failure usually occurs in loose sands and soft clays types of soil. It is accompanied by a surface that is triangular in shape and is directly under shallow foundation. One major characteristic of punching shear failure is the lack of distinctive ultimate bearing capacity. Ultimate bearing capacity in punching shear failure is considered to be the pressure that corresponds with excess foundation settlement. It involves failure of reinforced concrete slab that have been subjected to high local forces especially in flat slab structures and usually happens at column support points. In their research project, Nova and Montrasio (1997) have established that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the strength of the concrete is influenced by intermediate principal shear stresses and normal stresses. Hydrostatic pressure is also another factor that influences the strength of concrete,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.50). A concrete consists of several layers that makes it to be strong and reinforcing steel is used to strengthen the slab. In material modeling, concrete is considered as isotropic material until a point when cracking happens. Once the concrete is cracked, it incorporates tension, reduces shear stiffness and stiffening. This helps to establish strong concrete that is necessary for shallow foundations. Chapter 2: Using the right type of foundation on the right soil. The type of soil on which a foundation is to be established contributes to the strength of structures constructed. However, to get the right type of soil that supports strong foundation is the major challenge faced by civil engineers. One important item that civil engineers need to put into consideration is establishment of a strong structural foundation. There are different types of building foundations such as raft, piling and footing that are considered when setting up a structure. It is necessary to check the condition of soil before putting up a structure. This helps to provide a strong surface that supports the load of the walls and roof.[5] The condition of soil is done through soil investigations carried out by soil engineers who provide a report that is used by architects to determine the type of foundation to be used in a particular area. The soil engineer has the capacity to establish settlement characteristics of soil, depth to ground water and the necessary measures needed to upgrade a given site to the standard code. Two common factors should be put in place when determining the quality, substance and type of soil. It is important to establish virgin and fill type of soil that helps to determine how the right foundation is used on the best quality soil. A virgin soil is a type of soil that has never been disturbed and it is the best to set up building foundation. This is due to its compatibility and texture that is able to hold heavy weight of buildings and other structures. Fill type of soil also known as sandy loam on the other hand, means a piece of land that has been refilled and thereafter used as an area for construction. This type of soil is not best because in most cases, it is always loose and needs to be compacted for it to withstand applied pressure.[6] To convert fill soil into useful state, it requir es the application of engineering knowledge which is very expensive. According to Pool (1997), the right type of foundation that is used on the right soil is the major important element that should be put into consideration before construction work starts. The right type of foundation, whether shallow or deep, depends on the type of soil in a given construction site,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.35). Builders are advised not to set up structures in an area that is covered by expansive clays and if it becomes inevitable to construct structure, clay soil must be removed. The right foundation is also used to give builders the capacity to determine areas that are prone to earthquakes and land slides. This is because areas subjected to natural catastrophes like earthquakes have poor quality soils and hence builders should consider the type of foundation to be used.[7] The type of soil is used to determine the type of foundation to be used in structural construction. For instance, clay type of soil is considered to expand during wet season and contract during dry period hence it is not recommended to be used on shallow foundation. The reason of a problem is because the active zone of expansive clay is always near the surface. Sandy loam soil does not change with moisture content or temperature and soil engineers recommend this type of soil. It is in a position to support slab foundation and applied pressure, but the major challenge is soil erosion. This happens when there is heavy rainfall that erodes the foundation and this calls for slab jacking that aims at repairing the slab to avoid further damage. The right foundation is only constructed through evaluation of the type of soil in relation to moisture content and impact of temperature change. A good foundation should be set up to reach the bedrock for full support of the structure load and applied pressure. When the foundation is built to underlie the bedrock, soil erosion is reduced and shifting effect of the soil is also cancelled. A foundation that is built on a mixture of different types of soil is prone to serious damage that results from different ways upon which soil reacts. To resolve the issue of soil from reacting differently, soil engineers recommend that builders should replace weak soil with more strong textural soils.[8] For instance, in a construction site that has part of clay and sand, the clay soil is potentially replaced with sand soil. This yields uniform soil consistency that helps to support the right type of foundation. In a case where a building or any other structure is constructed to underlie soil type with various conditions, the structures are deemed to move in different ways. For instance, in a case when one half of the foundation is built on expansive clay and the other is on fill, the amount of movement varies from one half to the other. In other instances, the foundation system may not be designed in a proper way, this results to differential movement that causes damage to structure and foundation. Therefore it becomes easy to establish the type of soil by considering the site upon which foundation is built. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When the foundation is shallow, the type of soil is considered to be the best and on the other hand, deep foundation is established on soils that are of poor quality, (p.Gazetas, 1991, p.39). Therefore, the right foundation is used to determine the right type of soil to support structural constructions. Chapter 3: Water table level and bearing capacity Bearing capacity refers to the maximum value of pressure that the foundation on which a structure stands can support. The depth of a foundation is dependent on the type of the soil under which the foundation stands. A good foundation has the capacity to transmit the load of a structure evenly below the ground surface. However, the ground surface is greatly influenced by the depth of the water table. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In construction and design, water table represents the surface that separates between saturated and unsaturated groundwater zones. Depending on the depth of the bed rock, the water table may be high or low,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carpenter, 2001, p.27). In some areas, the depth of water table keeps on shifting depending on the seasons of rain. When the rainfall is high, say during spring, water table rises nearer to the surface while on the other hand descending considerably to lower grounds during the summer. The depth of water table at any given time affects the modeling design, especially in the case of the shallow foundations. In all cases, the ultimate depth to which one can put utilization of underground space is dependent on the depth of the water table. In design, we have witnessed cases where the distance from the ground of the foot of foundation slab shifts above the water table. This has led to rejections of such plans by relevant safety authorities due to the concern of the resultant catastrophes that can emanate from unforeseen deformations on the surrounding soil due to the added weight.[9] When constructing structure with shallow foundations in places where water table is high, the preliminary plans involve dewatering of the grounds beneath using trenches so as to construct a firm foundation that will support the weight of the structure adequately. To avoid any problems in the soil supporting structure, most designs in these cases propose installation of a wall in the ground which stands over the overall breadth of the water table horizon. This acts as an enclosing structure that collects the accumulating water. This water can be directed to a draining system or a reservoir (Le Pape, Sieffert, p.1379). The next step is to dev elop a design for draining the accumulated water. In most cases, designers apply the methods of well-point-filter by use of submersible pumps and needle-filters for deeper foundations. For shallow foundations like in our case, the most applicable method for draining water from building trenches is the use of an open end discharge system. The selection of a proper design and analysis of the best way to construct a feasible water collecting reservoir and draining mechanism is very crucial in minimizing the effect of dewatering on the structure. The most important factor to note is that, after a completion of a structure, the added weight exerts extra pressure on the ground. Since the original water seeping from the ground was in equilibrium with the atmospheric pressure, the added pressure might lead to more seepage of water from the ground adjacent to the new structure.[10] Presence of groundwater near to the surface may lead to deterioration of material used for construction. In case where steel is to be used for construction, it is wise to know that, the abundance of water and air provides a conducive environment for oxidation and ultimate corrosion of the steel. In eventuality where there are salts in the ground water, the rusting process would still be accelerated hence reducing the life of a structure. Salts, especially compounds of sulfur, are known to attack compound of cement used to construct cement structures. Attack on cement may lead to disintegration and weakening of a foundation structure. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To reduce such adverse effects, a designer is always advised to provide some protection on the reinforcing system or ensure that there is use of high grade of cement, a high cement ratio in mixing which is well compacted during the layering stage,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Rhoden, Gordon, 2000, p.43). It is possible that any foundation of a structure may be at one time of their life get to an exposure to a swampy condition due to a rise on water table or seasonal flooding. In this respect, presence of high water table levels greatly influences the ultimate bearing capacity of a building. Water is seen to influence the internal influence be tween soil particles. For shallow foundations, the negative effects of high water table on the added pressure to the soil can be compensated by ensuring that the foundation is wide enough to distribute the resultant force evenly on the ground. The influence of water table on the bearing capacity of a structure is reduced. The worst scenario arises when the soil supporting a structure becomes completely saturated. When the level of water table is considered to be directly at the base of a foundation in comparison to the slip lines, the water table influences the stability lines by extending them deeper in lateral direction. Chapter 4: The Effect of Bearing Capacity Pacheco and his colleagues (2008) have formulated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the bearing capacity of shallow foundations is determined by the way it is designed to take on the load. In order to determine the bearing capacity, various calculations are done to acquire the inclination,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (234). Shallow foundations have to be designed in such a way to be able to take care of inclined load action. The formula used in determining the design structure considers the admissible velocity as well the seismic coefficient. Seismic coefficient takes care of the seismic movement. Shallow foundations permeate a certain admissible velocity.[11] Most of the formulas applied in bearing capacity take care of load inclination influence. The occurrence of earthquakes has shown weaknesses to some of the formulas applied in bearing capacity. The scale of foundation has been a major effect of bearing capacity. The granular soils found in areas where shallow foundations are laid have certain effects. The effects of bearing capacity of shallow foundations are caused by the progressive failure which might be influenced by the soil type. The granular soils acquire the behavior of nonlinear strength. Its strength is not uniformly distributed. Granular soils acquire the property of progressive failure. The non linear strength of granular soils can be determined by the relationship strength-dilatancy. This relationship gives the dilatancy index which is used to describe the bearing capacity. The dilatancy index is determined by considering the progressive failure. These parameters are considered in designing shallow foundations since they determine their strength. In order to design shallow foundations to take the required load, data is collected for the performance of others foundations. This enables the ability to include all strength parameters which take care of shear forces. According to Cremer, Pecker Devenne (2001), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shallow foundations are normally affected by ground shaking which causes some weaknesses in the designed structure. Grounding shaking may occur as a result of various phenomena such as earthquakes,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.1266). Earthquakes occur as a result of adjustments in the earths crust. Shallow foundations are affected by ground shaking in several ways. Earthquakes lead to re-arrangement of pore pressures. These pore pressures determine the ground strength. Ground failure occurs when these pores are in redistribution affecting the distribution of shear forces. Granular soils are not highly affected by this effect. They offer resistance to the distribution of pressure pores. The process of consolidation which involves cohesive soils may take a couple of years. This process may include indulgence of surplus pore pressures. Ground shaking may trigger inertial forces. The failure mechanism can be influenced by the inertial forces caused by earthquakes. Inertial forces cause a failure mode defined by overturning forces. Sliding resistance is affected by the inertial forces triggered by ground shaking. The sliding resistance determines the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This is because any slight movement affects the strength of the inclination slope. The inclination slope is designed considering various forces such as shear. Many of the designs do not take concern of the effects of earthquakes. This has been a contributing factor to failure of shallow foundations. Another way in which earthquakes affect shallow foundation is cyclic degradation. Soil strength can be affected by cyclic degradation which contributes to the formation of surplus pore pressures. Plastification is also one of the parameters related to cyclic degradation. These orientations lead to bearing capacity failure. Some of the failure modes contributed by cyclic degradation include rotational failures. The shear strength of soil may be lost through the process known as liquefaction.[12] The shear stiffness of soil determines the holding capacity of shallow foundations. A foundation is normally supported by soil on all sides and also beneath. This means that any change in shear stiffness of soil affects the foundations. Yield design theory is used in determining the symmetry of foundations. The bearing capacity of foundations with axial symmetry is calculated using this theory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The thickness and the rigidity of the wall determine the carrying capacity. The bearing capacity depends on the type of footings,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Reese, Isenhower Wang, (2005, p.41). The various types of footing include: axial footings, inclined footings, horizontal footings and circular footings amongst other types. The diameter of shallow foundations also affects the bearing capacity. The effect of bearing capacity depends on the type of footing. The bearing capacity of circular footing is not the same as strip footing. The effects of bearing capacity are also influenced by soil types. The bearing capacity of un-reinforced sand is as the bearing capacity of shallow foundation laid on reinforced sand. The soil particles also affect the bearing capacity. The soil participles influence distribution of pore pressures. The width of the foundation is used in determining the bearing capacity ratio. This means that the bearing capacity is affected by the width of the foundation. Layers of geogrid can be reinforced with sand in order to acquire maximum bearing capacity. In conclusion, the effect of bearing capacity of shallow foundations is influenced by various variables. These include: soil types, ground shaking, type of footing, and foundation orientation. Ground shaking occurs as a result earthquakes as these influence the bearing capacity of shallow foundation in several ways. These include: change in shear soil stiffness, cyclic degradation and liquefaction amongst other ways. Chapter: 5 Calculations of shallow foundation settlements In construction theory, designers use equations to calculate the foundation settlements and the resultant rates of deformations on the bed soil under the pressure of the structure. The performance of bed calculations follows under two limiting states. First is the state of performance and the second limiting state is the state of safety. In the second state, a predicted finite deformation is not supposed to exceed those established in the condition under which structures and other buildings are only meant to support normal habitation.[13] This state is in most times used as the basic criteria to measure the safety of a structure. In cases of bed calculations, an extra constraint is included under which the average pressure exerted by the structure on the ground is not supposed to be greater than the computed value of resistance of the supporting soil to the pressure exerted on it. A common resolution has been that, in order to raise the limit of safety by 20%, the calculated limiting deformations should be less than 40% of the limiting values.[14] This occurrence is explainable by use of the facts that acknowledge the presence of patches which experience plastic deformation. These regions develop with the progressive increase in the loading. Such developments form beneath the edges of foundations until a point where the linear relationship between the load from the structure and resistance from the ground beneath it fails. This linear union between the load and resistance stands in the situation of application of elasticity theory. According to Hooks law of deformation of linearly elastic material, stress (load) and strain (resistance) are applied. Application of layer by layer accumulation of resistance values enables a designer to account for lack of uniformity in soils in reference to deformity across the allowable limits of a compressible soil layer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Designers also apply other engineering methods of settlement computation. When we apply the law relating to stress and strain for a given constant thickness that is compressible, the increase in settlement becomes proportional to the increase in the loading,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Grimes, et al, 2006, p.681). Beyond a point of limit, the settlement tends to increase more rapidly than the load. The formation of regions with plastic deformations increases the rate of accumulation of settlement with increase in loading. This leads to the exhaustion of fatigue of the supporting bed hence interfering with its bearing capacity. Further loading from the structure becomes absolutely impossible as the soil or ground have reached its deformation level from the shear strains in it. Computations have gone further to prove that, by limiting pressure or structural load to the level of resistance, predictable settlements are maintained at lower levels than their limiting values. The extra allowable loading is left to cater for any eventuality of inadvertent loading. In Calculation, the derivation of the ultimate bearing capacity of a foundation is based on soil constraints which include the soil strength, the shear strength and the weight per unit mass. Other factors considered include the shape, size and depth. In 1943, Tengazi developed a formula to define the ultimate bearing capacity of a narrow piece footing using three-term expression by use of bearing capacity factors of Nc, Nq, and Ng all of which have a relation to the friction angle (f) qf =c.Nc +qo.Nq +  ½g.B .Ng Where c= apparent cohesion intercept, qo = the product of the density and depth D = the depth of the foundation B = the breadth of the foundation g = the unit weight of the soil removed from the soil at the time of creating the foundation. In the case of a drained loading, the calculations are based on the effective stresses where the value of (f) is > 0 and Nc, Nq Ng are all >0. While in reference to swampy regions, the swampy strength resulting from shear (su); Nq = 1.0 and Ng = 0 in relation to cumulative stresses.[15] The Skemptons equation employed in calculation of the bearing capacity for swampy or undrained areas for example swampy soils is; qf = su .Ncu + qo Where the Ncu = the Skemptons bearing capacity factor, which is obtainable from a chart. Otherwise the Skemptons bearing capacity factor can be derived by use of the following expression. Ncu = Nc.sc.dc In this equation, the value sc represents the shape factor while the dc is the depth factor. Nq = 1, Ng = 0, Nc = 5.14 Where; sc = 1 + 0.2 (B/L) for B dc = 1+ ÃÆ'–(0.053 D/B ) for D/B In the same respect, the bearing capacity factor for drained, or soils with a deep water table. The following equation was developed for a long narrow piece footing. qf =c.Nc +qo.Nq +  ½g.B .Ng However this equation gains applicability only on the use of shallow footings exposed to vertical non eccentric loads. In case of rectangular and circular foundations, shape factor is considered. qf = c .Nc .sc + qo .Nq .sq +  ½ g .B .Ng .sg Additional factors can be used to give allowance for depth, distributed loading, inclined loading and the slope of the ground. In actual fact, depth of a structure is only significant if it exceeds the breadth of the structure.[16] The following equation is used to calculate the bearing capacity factor. When considering the depth factor the following equation is applied. qf = c.Nc.dc + qo.Nq.dq +  ½ B.gNg.dg for D>B: dc = 1 + 0.4 arc tan(D/B) dq = 1 + 2 tan(f'(1-sinf) ² arctan(B/D) dg = 1.0 for D= dc = 1 + 0.4(D/B) dq = 1 + 2 tan(f'(1-sinf) ² (B/D) dg = 1.0 In case of an inclusion of safety factor, we employ; Fs is to compute the bearing capacity qa from ultimate bearing pressure qf. The value of Fs is expected to fall between 2.5-3.0. Bibliography Carpenter, T. (2001). Environmental, Construction and Sustainable Development-Vol.1. 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(2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Large-scale soil-structure interaction experiments on sand under cyclic loadingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Proc. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand. Nova R., Montrasio L. (1991). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Settlements of shallow foundations on sandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , GÃÆ' ©otechnique, Vol. 41, 2, pp. 243 256. Nova R., Montrasio L. (1997). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Settlements of shallow foundations on sand: geometrical effectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , GÃÆ' ©otechnique, Vol. 47, 1, pp. 46 60. Pacheco, M., Danziger, F. Pinto, C. (2008). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Design of Shallow Foundations under Tensile Loading for Transmission Line Towers: An Overview.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Engineering Geology, Vol.101, pp.226-235 Paolucci R. (1997). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Simplified evaluation of earthquake induced permanent displacements of shallow foundationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 563-579. Pool, R. (1997). Beyond Engineering: How Society Shapes Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press Priestley M.J.N., Kowalsky M.J. (2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct Displacement-Based Design of concrete buildingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 33, pp. 421-444. Reese, L., Isenhower, W. Wang, S. (2005). Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations. New York: John Wiley Sons Rhoden, C. Gordon, C. (2000). Studying